PAEA Surgery End Of Rotation (EOR) Practice Exam

What are some mild risk factors for colorectal cancer?

1. Genetic predisposition and age

2. Diet, inactivity, obesity, smoking, race, and alcohol

3. Previous cancer history and family history

4. Lack of regular exercise and high fiber diet

The correct answer is: Diet, inactivity, obesity, smoking, race, and alcohol

Mild risk factors for colorectal cancer encompass lifestyle and environmental influences that may contribute to the development of the disease but are not as strong or definitive as genetic or previous cancer history. The factors listed in the correct choice—diet, inactivity, obesity, smoking, race, and alcohol—are all recognized by health agencies as contributing to an individual's risk of colorectal cancer. For instance, a diet high in processed foods and red meats, combined with low fiber intake, has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Additionally, physical inactivity and obesity contribute to the risk through mechanisms like insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. Smoking has been documented to have multiple carcinogenic effects, while certain demographic factors such as race can influence risk based on genetic and socioeconomic factors, and alcohol consumption is also linked to cancer risk through various biological mechanisms. In contrast, aspects like genetic predisposition and age are more significant risk factors typically categorized as high risk. Previous cancer history and familial history are stronger associations that indicate a higher likelihood of developing colorectal cancer compared to lifestyle factors. While lack of regular exercise and a high fiber diet does speak to lifestyle considerations, it is not fully encompassing as a mild risk factor when considering the broader context of the other options.